Solstice Sunrise, 6/21/2022, Montrose Harbor Breakwater, Chicago, IL

Taken on Montrose Harbor Breakwater, Chicago. The solstice arrived at 4:14 AM CDT on 6/21/22, so at sunrise the sun was very close to its most northerly position. The atmosphere causes refraction of light through a denser medium, causing the sun to appear higher. When the upper limb of the sun touches the horizon, the center of the sun is still -50 arcminutes = -.833 degrees below the horizon. 34 arcminutes is due to refraction and 16 arcminutes is the semidiameter of the sun. So, the effect of refraction is greater than the diameter of the sun. At sunset, as the lower edge of the setting sun touches the horizon, if atmosphere were to suddenly disappear, the sun would disappear ! Shorter wavelengths of light are scatttered more by the atmosphere than longer, so the longer red wavelengths predominate on the horizon.

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